Did they start putting in that effort recently? Look at the trend: Barcelona - 54 medals, 16 gold Atlanta - 50 medals, 16 gold Sydney - 59 medals, 28 gold Athens - 63 medals, 32 gold BEIJING - 100 medals, 51 gold On the other hand, the US has put up 100 medals 4 of the last 5 games and has never been below 36 golds in that span. The biggest factors in determining Olympic success is population and per capita GDP. Even in 2004 China was still in earlyish stages of becoming a 1st world nation. They probably ramped it way up for Beijing but I would expect them to be right at the top in future Olympics.