The Cubs pen had an ERA of 4.24 last year, tied for 9th in the NL. A 4.00 ERA would've put them alone in 8th last year, between San Fran's 3.98 and Pittsburgh's 4.06. Another interesting note. Aside from the two big pitcher's parks(Washington and SD), the bullpens with the best ERA's pitched the fewest innings. That's not suprising, considering when you have a lot of IP from your pen, it's usually because your starters stink, and middle relief isn't ever good. Which begs the question, if you want to improve bullpen performance, are you better off improving the amount of innings your starters are able to go(whether it's via new players, lack of injuries, new training methods or philosphical approaches) or getting new relievers(especially given the wild variation in relief performances)? I think it's all about starting pitching. You need to make sure you have a staff that is going to consistently go at least 6 IP. You have to avoid middle relief. Middle relievers are almost always the worst players on your team-they are almost all failed starters and innings eaters. If you have SP's who blow up, or aren't durable enough to go 6-7 IP, you have to use the middle relievers or overextend your setup men, which catches up to you by the summer. Given that relievers are so up and down, it seems to be the smart way to build a staff would be to get durable, low BB SP's with solid WHIP and K/9 numbers. Spend money on that, and you can go cheap in the bullpen and get away with it. You can hide your middle relief and save them for mopup type outings, and fully and most effectively use your setup guys and specialists in situations that most favor you, based on matchups, which will also boost bullpen performance.